Initial Assessment Essay

The reasoning for using Initial Assessment in my curriculum area is because the majority of students have not completed a formal education or if having done so hold little or no qualifications. The majority of the courses start at entry level therefore no qualifications’ are require, but to offer students progression on to higher levels they need to be holding or be able to achieve a level 1 in communication and application of number. This is the minimum requirement to complete an apprenticeship programme and the vast majority wish to follow the vocational route to being a ‘qualified tradesman’. Procedures Before the day of enrolment students are fore warned at the interview stage what the awarding bodies’ requirement is to do a particular course. In the case of Construction Awards Alliance they have their own assessment criteria to try a match the suitability of the student to a particular trade. However because we deliver from entry to level 2 with three bodies to keep to the assessment process standard the college format is used( booklet produced by the learning centre, attached). Hillier. J (2005 p62) states â€Å"Great care must be used with such assessment activities. Many potential learners will feel highly by being threatened by being asked to undertake a diagnostic assessment. † In my opinion as long as students are made aware that this is not a formal test the majority do not mind taking the test, provided that the reasoning behind it is explained correctly. As a tutor it is important I remember the purpose of the test as Lambert. D and Lines. D (2000 p20) state â€Å"formative assessment is undertaken so that positive achievements of a pupil can be recognised and the appropriate next step planned†. Once all the information is collated this is entered into the course/ student profile booklet, this enables me or any other tutors to look at a particular student or group qualifications and progress as they are recorded for each achievement. Personally I think that the process works well when we complete the diagnostics on line as students can not see how others are doing. Most students feel more comfortable using this method as they do not feel as much pressure as they can wear head phones if required. The whole purpose works well because as a tutor working on entry level and to a certain degree on level 1, communication and application of number can be imbedded into the practical aspects of the course. The major weakness that I feel of the assessment process is that they are not curriculum specific; aspects of application of number are not relevant to the vocational subject. As I have experienced my self and some mature students the terminology of key words has changed until we have had them explained. When using the paper versions students that struggle to read or write often do not complete enough of the booklet, for the tutor to find the true level the students capable / working at. An important aspect that is often missed is the fact that to help students there is a requirement to have extra support in place if require for individuals. If there is no support is there a need for assessment? Yes but ensure all the support is provided and available as required in a timely manner.

Alignment of HRM Essay

Introduction Marriott International, Inc. is an American diversified global hospitality company. It was founded in Washington, D.C., U.S. in the year 1927 by J. Willard Marriott with his wife Alice S. Marriott. It facilitates hotels and related lodging facilities. This public company has more than 3800 properties in more than 78 countries in the world. They have many full-service lodging, select-service lodging, Great America Parks and extended-stay lodging. They have always worked and got strength from their core values. Their core values are putting people first, pursuing excellence, embracing the change, acting with integrity and serving our world. They have always worked on the base of founding principles and their heritage. Ensuring the HR strategy is in alignment with the business strategy Marriott International Inc. has become increasingly strategic in HR (Halzack, 2013). They are using various innovative practices. This has made them one of the best places to work in hospitality industry. The success of Marriott International can be ensured if stick to their core values and gain strength from their founding principles. They should successfully integrate HR strategy and business strategy to accomplish goals of the company. There should be no compromise in customer services. Marriott’s culture and heritage has always influenced and motivated their business. They should aim at employing talented employees who can recognize the value of guest and serve them to make more loyal customers. HR job positions and responsibilities Human Resources Coordinator: They are responsible for supporting the timely recruitment, administration, training and care of all associates The Human Resources Coordinator is expected to provide assistance to the Human  Resources Management in coordinating and implementing the Human Resources programs and initiatives. Human Resources Manager: They direct and work with Human resource associates to carry out the daily activities. Assistant Training Manager (Casino): The Assistant Training Manager (Casino) helps drive Marriott values and philosophy and ensures all casino-related training and development activities are strategically linked to the organization’s mission and vision. The position assists ensuring effective training is in place to enable the achievement of desired business results. The Assistant Training Manager supervises the needs assessments. It designs and develops training programs and also provides the delivery of both custom and corporate training programs. Director, Personnel Services: They are responsible for assisting the Director of Human Resources for carrying out different strategies which provides attraction, retention, and development of various talent. Preferable job position Human Resources coordinator and Human Resource manager would be more preferable job positions for me because both concentrates on managing administration, recruitment and training needs of the company which interests me. I would like to deliver HR services efficiently and effectively to enable business success. It requires helping management innovatively implementing HR programs and initiatives which interests me. Establishing HRM strategies to improve competitive advantages Marriott International has been using strategic HR practices to gain competitive advantages. They should try to eliminate the barriers to competitive response. They should focus on needs matching so that they could place right person at right place. They should improve their staffing and compensation HRM practices as they are the ones which help in creating competitive advantage for the company (Schuler and MacMillan, 2005). They should concentrate on training and development of employees and introduce more innovative HR policies and programs. Ways to increase company diversity Company has always been focused on increasing their diversity. These ways can be helpful to increase company diversity- Different ad campaigns for different diversities. Organizing summits for different demographics. Increasing their reach through attracting offers. References Bulla, D N and Scott, P M (1994) Manpower requirements forecasting: a case example, in Human Resource Forecasting and Modelling, ed D Ward, T P Bechet and R Tripp, Human Resource Planning Society, New York Randall S. Schuler and Ian C. MacMillan, Gaining Competitive Advantage through Human Resource Management Practices Reilly, P., (2003). Guide to Workforce Planning in Local Authorities, Employers Organization for Local Government, London. Wright, Patrick. â€Å"The 2011 CHRO Challenge: Building Organizational, Functional, and Personal Talent†. Cornell Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies (CAHRS). Retrieved 3 September 2011. Halzack , Sarah , At Marriott and other firms, HR becomes increasingly strategic: Published: August 26, 2013 Thewashingtonpost Retrieved from: http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/capitalbusiness/at-marriott-and-other-firms-hr-becomes-increasingly-strategic/2013/08/23/63f0856c-05c0-11e3-9259-e2aafe5a5f84_story.html

Ideal Student Essay

Quote: I realized that the only purpose to revolution is to be able to love who you want, how you want, when you want and where you want†¦ Idle student: An ideal student is someone who is thirsty for knowledge. Such a student will not be distracted in class. After all that is what every teacher desires. This thirst for knowledge will ensure that she is attentive and is committed to learn all that she can about a particular subject so that she can understand it fully. An ideal student will also have certain other distinguishing qualities. She will have well – defined goals in life and her effort will be to do whatever it takes to achieve these goals. For instance, if you ask her what she aspires to be, she will have a ready answer. And she will have a good reason for what she aspires to be. She will also have a clear vision of what is necessary to attain her goal. An ideal student will respect her teachers but will not be afraid of them. She will have the courage to admit her ignorance and ask for advice and direction if she needs it. She will not be the kind of person who accepts  things blindly and learns by rote. She will try to grasp concepts and if she finds it difficult, will have the confidence to approach her teachers for more information. She will be active in many things for she understands that one should have a well – rounded personality. She will have character more than anything else for it is character that makes a person’s destiny. She will compete only with herself and if someone seeks her help in class, will show no hesitation in giving it. An ideal student will observe discipline. She will be punctual and properly dressed. She will not absent herself from class for silly reasons and will do her homework daily. She will be neat and tidy and observe decorum in class. Children are the wealth of a nation. A Nation that produces a generation of talented and hardworking youth marches ahead on the path of progress. However creating quality citizens is no easy task and cannot be achieved overnight. The first step for that is to produce ideal students in our schools. These ideal students would go on to become ideal citizens. Who is an ideal student.? There isn’t one definite answer to that because there are many qualities that together define an ideal student. The most important quality of an ideal student is that for him. the foremost duty of his school life is to study. He studies regularly and works hard to improve his performance in each exam. But his objective of studying is not to only score good marks or secure a high rank. Beyond that he has a thirst for knowledge , an interest to learn more about everything he observes. Apart from studies, an ideal student actively gets involves in other activities. He is good in arts and sports and regularly participates in intra and inter school events. He is an active member of various clubs in the school and helps in organizing events. But participating in competitions and winning events is not the only big thing in life, and an ideal student knows that very well. Virtues like kindness, compassion,respect , sincerity, honesty, politeness are equally important in todays world, and these qualities are found in abundance in an ideal student. He treats his parents, teachers and elders with respect, and speaks politely to everybody. In times of crisis for his friends, he is the first person to stand by them. He never boasts of his achievements and never gets depressed by his failures. He is always cheerful and maintains a positive approach to life. He spreads hope and happiness wherever he goes. In short his conduct is admired by everyone. An ideal student is a voracious reader. He reads the newspaper regularly and is well aware about the events and happenings in various parts of the world. He also reads magazines, noels and short stories. he has an excellent grasp of the language and is very good at  communicating things to others. Last but not the least, an ideal student loves his parents and family members very much and does as much as he can to help them and to keep them happy. He never wastes his parents’ hard-earned money and believes that knowledge is the biggest wealth he can acquire. An ideal students grows up to be an asset to his family, his society and the country. If only all our schools couls produce more and more ideal students, our country could achieve tremendous progress and become the envy of the whole world..

Business Law Written Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Law Written Assignment - Research Paper Example An offer Is made with respect to the monetary value and a counter offer is made in return to the offer. The present facts of the case pertains to a minor entering into a contract, since any person below the age of 18years is a minor and cannot take part in a contract. Since Ty is below the age of 18 years, Roes are entitled to disaffirm Ty’s â€Å"agreement† to sell the Van-Damm artwork to Rem, obtaining the artwork back from Rem. According to the commercial lease code, every lease document has to be in signing since it is a document of contract and therefore to invoke any legal action such document must be in written format. Rem cannot invoke his rights of lease until and unless his lease is signed with the parties. Without having signed the lease agreement, he has not become party to such contract and therefore it cannot be ascertained whether he considered entering into the contract or not. The clause to terminate the document is not improper and does not curtail the rights of the individual. Every individual is given a right to exit the contract which is mentioned within the terms of the contract and such right is part and parcel of the existing structure of the contract. No, Rem would not win as there is no written agreement which has been signed between the parties. Since there is no written agreement between the parties it would be impossible to ascertain whether such a contract existed, and therefore it is impossible for Rem to prove such a fact before the court of law. If Rem were to sue Ms. Relief to enforce the terms of the Commercial Lease document (Exhibit â€Å"A†, attached) to allow Rem to lease the Beverly Hills space for his Van-Damm exhibition, would Rem

Evolution of Management Principle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evolution of Management Principle - Essay Example Since the end of 19th century, the evolutionary level of management principles started getting evolved substantially. Therefore by today, we see several different branches and school of thoughts which have been segregated by management experts and scholar. These schools of thoughts have been broadly divided into five different categories. They include: The Classical School The Behavioural School The Quantitative School also called as Management Science The Contingency School Theory Z School Of Management The important aspects of these schools is that some of them are viewed as classical and some are relatively recent theories, but the great insights which they offer can be very helpful in today’s complex business environment where we encounter accelerating changes every now and then. Noticing these points lets us outline the evolution of principles of management from classical school of management practices and theories to present. â€Å"The Classical School of Managementâ₠¬  This school of thought gave birth to the initialization of management principles. In the end of 19th century, the origins of these principles can be traced. This school of thought primarily consisted of finding productive and efficient ways for management at organizational level. Under classical school of management, further three levels are determined. ... In essence, the concept of classical theory of management incorporates the operations which are required for working for economic efficiency. (Miller, 2008) â€Å"Behavioural School of Management† During 1920s and 1930s, United States was undergoing social and cultural change. Large numbers of peoples were migrating towards city. Economic growth and industrial revolution provided people to spend money on the household and leisure of which their parents could only think about. Consequently, many of the principles and theories which were applied to the management of organization were no longer working effectively. In this regard, several prominent scholars and theorists addressed these issues and directed the attention of people to the changing environment required for workplace. Chris Argyris, Abraham Maslow, Mark Parker Follett, Douglas McGregor and Elton Mayo are some prominent scholars of behavioural school of management. They highlighted the fact that increased level of sat isfaction of worker will yield better performance. This concept evolved the behavioural theory of management which stated that worker’s performance is directly related to the level of satisfaction he has with his job. â€Å"The Quantitative School also called as Management Science† During World War II, physicists, mathematicians and other scientists collaborated with each other in order to solve the problems related to military. Quantitative school of management resulted as an outcome of all the research which was conducted during World War II. It incorporates the Quantitative Approach including statistics, quantitative techniques. Computer simulations and information models to enhance

Alcoholic Abuse Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Alcoholic Abuse - Assignment Example to "hold their liquor" better than those without such history. Experts suggest some people may inherit a lack of those warning signals that ordinarily make people stop drinking. Research suggest this factor may contribute between 40 per cent and 60 per cent of alcoholism cases related to genetic factors. (alcoholism). Alcoholism in parents increase the risk for violent behaviour and abuse toward their children. Children of alcoholics tend to do worse academically than others. I will be using the Wisconsin Psychometric test as a measuring tool to test this hypothesis on my targeted sample of Children of alcoholic parents, against children of parents who are not alcoholics. I will be using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) for inputting my collected data, which will do the correlations, multicollinearity, and hypothesis. I will assess the incidence of depression, anxiety, stress, self-esteem and criminality, of those who are the off spring of alcoholic parents against those who are not. The kind of clear-cut model of the genetic sources of alcoholism perceived by the public and presented in the public tracts does not accurately reflect the state of knowledge in this area. No persuasive genetic mechanism has been proposed to account for accumulated data about alcoholic behaviour, social differences in alcoholism rates or the unfolding of the disease. Biological findings about the offspring of alcoholics have been inconsistent and grounds exist to challenge the notion of an enhanced genetic liability for alcoholism thathas been accepted wisdom for the last decade. Genuine attempts to forge data and theory into genetic models have been limited to men... Abrams and Niura ed (xx), Closing in on Addiction New Findings suggest a biochemical common ground, Social and Biological Theories in a combined Model, National Clearing House For Alcohol and Drug Information. Retrieved on line on March 4, 2006; from Niolon, Richard, Closing In on Addiction New Findings Suggest a Biochemical Common Ground, National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information Retrieved on line on March 2, 2006 from www.psychpage.com/problems/library/alcohol,html

E-commerce in the life of Qatari Women Research Paper

E-commerce in the life of Qatari Women - Research Paper Example From the perspective of a business, IT allowed companies to operate online and reach global customers at the most cost efficient way. One of the dimensions of IT is e-commerce and it acts as a tool that facilitates online business. In addition, it has also helped customers to carry out online purchases irrespective of the time and geographic location. The negative factors on the other hand appeared in the form of security threats. Before getting further deeper into the study, a brief overview of e-commerce is presented below. The notion of e-commerce can be traced back during the epoch when the concept of the internet just came into light. During the earlier days, e-commerce was deemed as the process through which companies used to carry out their transaction over the electronic platforms (Majumdar, Cave, and Vogelsang, 2005). During this period, the concept of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) has also emerged and companies used these tools to tra nsact in an efficient manner. These technologies have allowed companies to complete transactions electronically and companies were hugely benefitted by it. However, the commercialization of e-commerce only became possible during the early 1990s and as soon as it became commercialized a number of business houses such as eBay and amazon.com have taken their business online (Reynolds, 2004). In the early stages, companies had shown more interest in using the internet as a tool for promoting the business, but for the last decade it companies became more active in selling their products and services over the online platforms (eCommerce-Lund, 2004). From the point of view of customers, e-commerce eased several kinds of activities. For example, it allowed customers to shop during their convenient time and also allowed them to carry out shopping sitting inside the home (Bhasker, 2006). The sales figures also experienced huge growth. According to reports, the growth was around 32% in 2012, i n comparison to 2011 (Provost, 2012). Apart from e-shopping, e-commerce also allowed customers to carry out banking transactions. Hence, it is evident that e-commerce now acts as part and parcel of the life of human beings. Executive Summary This study seeks to shed light on the impact of e-commerce in the life of Qatari Women. The primary objective was to identify the problems faced by Qatari women in using e-commerce in their daily life. In order to address the objectives, the study will carry out a survey of 10 people so as to know their perception about e-commerce. In order to analyze the findings, the study used qualitative approach. Both primary and secondary research was undertaken to identify the problems associated with e-commerce in the life of Qatari women. The key findings of the study were that Qatari women face problems related to the payment gateway, security issues, delivery issues and issues pertaining to terms and condition. In order to triumph over these issues, t he Qatari women should make themselves more familiar with such platforms and should only use authentic platforms. Similarly, the government must ensure that the websites are transparent enough and is offering secure payment gateways. The Problem The women of Qatar exercise full right so as to take a proactive role in the society and simultaneously act as a vital element in the development process of the country. With the modernization of the society, the Qatari women have also adopted themselves with the shifting market dynamics (qatarembassy,

Intermediate Econometrics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intermediate Econometrics - Coursework Example Let and denote their unadjusted counterparts. Then; The answer is FALSE; in loglinear regression analysis is used to describe the pattern of data in a contingency table. A model is constructed to predict the natural log of the frequency of each cell in the contingency table. For a 2x2 table, that means the model is . So we can always say, as a simple function, that the coefficient represents an increase in the log of predicted counts. If , for instance, we could say that this model shows that factor increases the predicted log count by 2 (all other factors held constant). The answer is TRUE; all the three tests (Wald test, Lagrange Multiplier, Likelihood ratio test) address the same basic question, which is, does constraining parameters to zero (i.e. leaving out the predictor variables) reduce the fit of the model? The null hypothesis for all three tests is that the smaller model is the "true" model, a large test statistics indicate that the null hypothesis is false. The only difference between the tests is how they go about answering that question. The graph below explains more on the relationship; The graph below illustrates what each of the three tests does. Along the (labelled ) are possible values of the parameter . Along the are the values of the log likelihood corresponding to those values of  a. The test compares the log likelihoods of a model with values of the parameter constrained to some value to a model where  Ã‚  is freely estimated. It does this by comparing the height of the likelihoods for the two models to see if the difference is statistically significant (having in mind, higher values of the likelihood indicate better fit). In the figure above, this corresponds to the vertical distance between the two dotted lines. In contrast, the Wald test compares the parameter estimate  Ã‚  to  ; where  Ã‚  is the value of  Ã‚  under the null hypothesis, which generally states that  . If  Ã‚  is significantly different

Creating a cooperative Inter-Departmental atmosphere in Emergency Research Paper

Creating a cooperative Inter-Departmental atmosphere in Emergency Management - Research Paper Example For example, Chernobyl disaster and Three Miles Island disaster has taught the world the necessity of interdepartmental cooperation in emergency management. It is impossible for a single department to manage huge disasters effectively. In fact, many countries seek the assistance of other countries when severe disasters occur. For example, Pakistan sought international aid recently when severe flood and storm struck many parts of that country which made the human life standstill. This paper reviews the available literature in order to learn more about the necessity of interdepartmental cooperation in managing emergency situations. â€Å"An effective emergency management system requires the most efficient use of all available resources. Whenever possible, emergency responsibilities should be the extensions of federal agencies† (Haddow et al, 2008. p.6). Many countries have emergency management and disaster preparedness agencies and programs. However, when disaster strikes heavily, it is impossible for these agencies to manage the problems independently because of the complex elements involved in the rescue and disaster management process. For example, nuclear disasters are common nowadays because of the increased use of nuclear power plants to produce nuclear energies. The Chernobyl accident in 1986 was the result of a flawed reactor design that was operated with inadequately trained personnel. The resulting steam explosion and fires released at least 5% of the radioactive reactor core into the atmosphere and downwind. Two Chernobyl plant workers died on the night of the accident, and a further 28 people died within a few weeks as a result of acute radiation poisoning (Chernobyl Accident, 2009) Chernobyl nuclear power plant staffs were not trained properly to face any eventualities. Moreover, improper design of the reactor was the major cause of this disaster. It is difficult for the emergency management agency alone to

Syncretizing Christianity with Confucianism Essay - 2

Syncretizing Christianity with Confucianism - Essay Example Confucius pointed out that heaven and the life after death were very complicated and were beyond human understanding, therefore, each and every individual should focus on doing the right thing while still alive. Brook (13) defines syncretism as the attempt of combining disparate and opposing beliefs together. Christianity is one of the oldest forms of religion with the highest number of believers in the world today. Madsen affirms that Christianity as a religion becomes the hardest to syncretize with Confucianism because Christianity is a religion which has its own doctrines that are all written down and followed by all Christians in the world today. Christians believe in the bible as the only source of the word of God. They believe that the divine God talks to them through the Bible (482). Combining the beliefs of Confucianism with those of Christianity will only serve to cause instability in the church since the base of the belief system will be shaken. Christians believe that there is life after death and therefore God will come back to the end of life on earth and bring justice to the people. Kato points out that according to Christianity good people will go to Heaven while those who were involved in evil deeds will be burnt eternally in hell (10). Syncretism imperils interfaith discourse by trying to detach Christianity from the doctrines and historical core. It will become very difficult in combining the two belief systems because it will be more complicated for Christians to drop their belief system where they strongly believe that God is omnipresent.The doctrines of Christianity does not tally with those of any other religion in the world today, therefore, combining the beliefs of both religions will only serve to bring wrangles and misunderstanding in the world today.

There should be no Laws telling Christians what to do on a Sunday Essay Example for Free

There should be no Laws telling Christians what to do on a Sunday Essay I think that the above statement can be interpreted ambiguously and can be argued from a significant number of points of view. Firstly I would just like to highlight the noteworthy amount of views from different branches of Christianity. They exist in the form of the Liberals, the Fundamentalists, and so on. All different groups within Christianity have different views on the topic of the Sabbath. The Liberals, for example take the view that some, but not an awful lot, of time is needed to be given to God. They believe that you should go to Mass and pray every so often but they dont carry out the same level of strictness and loyalty that the Fundamentalists, for example hold the view of. These different views are needed in the World because not everyone holds the same view on the Sabbath. Fundamentalists think that every little detail of the Sabbath Law should be observed and carried out. Their view, in the opinion of others, is somewhat extreme and is probably the group that would concur with the statement in question most. If there were no rules telling Christians what to do on the Sabbath this would probably be the group that would formulate some. They take the view that God gave his life for us, so we should repay the favour in exactly the same way. But, we should repay God for all the goodness he has gave us. You can see the view of the two above groups particularly well and can probably relate to one of their views but you should understand them. This is unless you are a Christian who doesnt care at all about their religion and in that case you would agree most definitely with the above statement and see it as totally infallible. And, in my opinion, these are the sorts of people that hardly know what religion they are. With the exception to the above group the worst people, I think, are those of the Liberal view who are fed up with worshiping their God on the Sabbath. These are the people who take the view that there should be no laws telling Christians what to do on a Sunday simply because they could not be bothered carrying them out. They may use the argument that there is to be valuable money to be earned, which is a valid point, but still does not give an excuse to not honour your creator: at least a little bit. Some people just do not recognise the fact that God sacrificed his life for man and that that deserves a bit of remuneration. This is primarily why they think that they should not have to do anything on the Sabbath. Some say that it is not practical for them to worship God on the Sabbath due to change in the ages, the industrial revolution and so on, has meant that people have more to do on a Sunday, shops have taken this to extreme, though, , led by retailing giant Marks and Spencers, they are now open for business on Sunday, the same with pubs. This is because maximum profit is to be earned on a Sunday and it is maybe understandable in these ages that this happens. In my opinion, after weighing up all the arguments, I think that the one group of people, and indeed the minority of the Christian religion, the Keep Sunday Special campaigners have got it right. They take the view that Sunday should be a day that should be totally be devoted to God and that absolutely no un-necessary work should be done. I agree with this because lying down and having a day of rest after, for most people, a working, stressful week, is not all that hard and doing no work is certainly no big task. This is basically the height of difficulty involved in the Sabbath Laws so therefore I do not agree with the above statement, conclusion, there should be laws telling Christians what to do on a Sunday.

Culture Art and Technology Essay Example for Free

Culture Art and Technology Essay Among figures of religion, Mahatma Gandhi, Mohammed, and Siddhartha Gautama are some of the prominent individuals who have shared before the world their religious experiences with respect to their own religion. Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism have all received a great amount of fundamental advancement from the ideas and actions of these important individuals. Not only did they help shape the very religion they are attached to—they established it like no other. Yet even though their beliefs and characters are particularly unique from one another being human examples of the tradition in which they are a part of, they still hold one common strand—they all had religious experiences that were influenced by their family ties, geographical location and cultural background to name a few. Through the course of the years, history tells us that the raids later evolved into a struggle motivated by religious grounding— believers against non-believers. This indicates the idea that the spiritual experiences and conquests of Mohammed hold a central position in defining the religious practices of Muslims. While Gandhi espouses peaceful and non-violent methods in attaining the causes of Hinduism, Mohammed and Islam’s concept of jihad adopts the idea that religion itself can be the primary reason for engaging in violent measures in order to further the goal of Islam. Nevertheless, the fact remains that Mohammed’s role in the development of Islam as an established religion in many countries separated by geographical boundaries is crucial inasmuch as it cannot be denied. The same holds true for Siddhartha Gautama whose reputation in the religion of Buddhism is greatly acknowledged as essential both by believers and academic scholars. As Herman Hesse suggests, Siddhartha espouses the idea that, for one to know one’s quest in life, it is imperative to find the source from within and not from without, like a â€Å"flowing river† that attracts â€Å"a deep love for this flowing water† (Hesse 100). Introspection, or an inner contemplation, is one of the main precepts being pushed forward by Siddhartha which further suggests the idea that each individual must take time to isolate one’s self from others in order to be able to focus and to introspect. This idea can be rooted from one of Siddhartha’s life-transforming moments. The religious experience of Siddhartha began after his encounter with a sick man, a poor man, a beggar and a corpse that revealed unto him the idea that humanity is filled with sorrow brought about by the sufferings in life . Being isolated away from the outside world after being confined within his home for almost the entire duration of his early years, Siddhartha began to realize the deeper side of life after the experience. He decided to leave behind his previous lifestyle and pursued, instead, a life of intense asceticism. However, Siddhartha realized that to live one’s life is to neither live in excessive abundance of wealth and material possessions nor in extreme plainness after overhearing a teacher discussing music. In the end, he pursed the Middle Way, or the way of life that takes the middle path instead of the extremes . These aspects hold the key to understanding the Buddhists’ primary religious experience which is significantly felt, at least in modern times, in the social context of teaching others the way of living life in the Middle Path through a life of internal contemplation or personal reflection. As Siddhartha dedicated his life to pursuing the Middle Path after his yogic meditations, followers of the Buddhist religion later on adopted this method as one of the cornerstones or identities of their group. This suggests the idea that the religious experience of Buddhists in general is strongly tied to a personal level as its most basic foundation. Manifested through yogic meditations, Buddhist monks of today incorporate in their daily lives these principles . Moreover, it can be observed that Islam calls for a life that is centered on Allah while Hinduism, as exemplified by the life of Gandhi, calls for a life that should be dedicated towards the lives of others . It is religious imperative in Islam that Muslims should direct their lives towards revering Allah in every thought and action and that, correspondingly, the religious experience of every Muslim should all the more reflect their strong attachment to Allah (Boyd 69). As Mohammed himself is the foremost Muslim who has been able to fully actualize this thought, it remained an integral part in the lives of the millions of Muslims all around the world. This incorporates the idea that the religious experience of a single individual—the prophet Mohammed—has greatly affected the succeeding generations that came to follow the same path. While Islam essentially requires the primordial importance of Allah, Hinduism has been closely attached to the sense that it is a religion that is centered on others. The same holds true for Buddhism although the religion reflects reverence to â€Å"the Awakened One† or Buddha and that Hinduism itself has its own versions of celestial entities or â€Å"Devas† as well as the concept of â€Å"Brahman† which refers to the greater Self or God. These things constitute the belief that, although Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam have parallel ideas of higher beings or divine entities, it appears that Islamic treatment for a higher being supersedes those of the other two. This can be rooted out from the fact that the scriptures of Islam and its religious followers and believers put Allah above everything else while Hinduism and Buddhism, through their yogic meditations, allow or give due importance to the self as well. This is not to say that Islam as a religion does not give due importance to its believers. It only entails the idea that Islam treats man as a being that should be placed under Allah and that Hinduism and Buddhism illustrate a rather more salient consideration for the welfare of man. Mahatma Gandhi, for example, showed his concern for others by teaching the poor exploited peasants in the region of Champaran in Bihar about the satyagraha, inquiring about their sufferings, educating them to fight for their rights and at the same time to carry out their obligations to the nation as a whole . Siddhartha, on the other hand, lived his forty-five years traveling along the country, finding sustenance on the alms given by other people after teaching the people the means that will liberate humanity from worldly sufferings . Moreover, one of the notable religious experiences of both Gandhi and Siddhartha is pegged on the idea that they both waged a â€Å"battle† in terms of forwarding their beliefs in the context of their religion. While Gandhi strived for peaceful measures—passive resistance, for example—in order to achieve his aim for a peaceful world with equality among religions and Siddhartha pushed his ideologies of liberating humanity from the worldly sufferings they experience through teaching them the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, Mohammed took a rather different approach. The fact that Mohammed engaged in jihad or in battles through the â€Å"sword† reveals the idea that Mohammed will take up arms in defending the religion against aggressors or in forwarding Islamic tenets. Thus, it can be argued that the religious experience of Mohammed, or at least the part in which he waged battles in his religious life, is distinctively different from those of Gandhi and Siddhartha. The differences in the religious experiences among the three can be largely seen on their corresponding actions and exploits during their existence and the resulting consequences it created on their religions. This also affects these religions view on disasters. Jihad is indubitably a central part of Islam; Yogic meditations play a significant role in Buddhism and Hinduism with former embracing the Middle Path and the latter guiding the lives of its believers through its sacred texts. The Qur’an greatly emphasizes the idea that Allah should be above everything else; Hinduism seeks to treat everyone and every other religion their due recognition in the sense that to each is his own truth or, at the most, God; and Buddhism’s goal is to free human beings from suffering and the cycle of rebirth and make them know the â€Å"truth†. Conclusion The religious experiences of Mahatma Gandhi, Siddhartha Gautama, and Mohammed all have a great bearing on the religions they belong to. These individuals have a large sum of contributions not only to the expansion of the reaches of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam but on the very central precepts of these religions. Although each of them has their own specific religious experiences and beliefs, and that while it may be true that each of them forwards distinctive approaches in meeting their religious goals, they all nevertheless share the parallel idea that religion is a significant section of their lives. In essence, however, their respective cultural background, geographical location, and family ties among many others have strongly shaped their religious experiences which, as a consequence, influenced their religion. Above all these, by comparing and contrasting the lives of Mohammed, Siddhartha and Gandhi, one is able to better understand some of the main—and oftentimes subtle—differences between these religions view on disasters in life. References: Aly, A. The Life of the Prophet Muhammad. 1999. (October 3, 1999): ATT Knowledge Ventures. April 2008. http://home. att. net/~a. f. aly/muhammad. htm. Borman, William. Life, the Chief Value: Wrong Aims and Methods, and False Views. Boyd, Stephen Blake. Malcolm Xs Religious Pilgrimage: From Black Separatism to a Universal Way. Redeeming Men: Religion and Masculinities. Ed. Stephen Blake Boyd. Louisville, Ky: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996. 69. Gandhi and Non-Violence. Albany, N. Y. : State University of New York Press, 1986. 200. Gandhi, Mahatma. An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth. Long Island, N. Y. : Buccaneer Books Inc, 2007. Hesse, Hermann. Siddhartha. New York: Bantam Classics, 1981. Levine, Marvin. The Story of Siddhartha. The Positive Psychology of Buddhism and Yoga: Paths to a Mature Happiness: With a Special Application to Handling Anger. Mahwah, N. J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. , 2000. 12. Life of Siddhartha Gautama. 2002. Human Ecology. April 2008. http://199. 33. 141. 196/courses/idm2002/leung/rootbiography/pages/Life/lifemain. html. Mahatma Gandhi: His Life in Pictures. New Delhi: The Central Electric Press, 1954. Neusner, Jacob, and Tamara Sonn. Jihad (Islam). Comparing Religions through Law: Judaism and Islam. New York: Routledge, 2002. 203. Some Thoughts on the Power of Focused, Principled Hatred. Imperial Hubris: Why the West Is Losing the War on Terror. Washington, D. C. : Brasseys Books, 2004. 6. Swenson, Don. The Dilemma of Delimitation: The Study of Ethos. Society, Spirituality, and the Sacred: A Social Scientific Introduction. Peterborough, Ont. , Canada: New York Broadview Press, 1999. 255. Yob, Iris M. Growing up Buddhist. Keys to Interfaith Parenting. Hauppauge, N. Y. : Barrons, 1998. 79.

Reflection In Occupational Therapy Practice

Reflection In Occupational Therapy Practice I have always struggled with reflection, initially I didnt see the point of going over and over events that had happened, I was confident that the action I had taken at the time was right for the moment, but if I felt that it wasnt I would acknowledge that and improve next time, obviously this process is going on in my head, (according to Schon this is Reflection in action), and improves with experience over time, I can understand how reflecting can help with thought and behavioural processes, and also provides evidence so others can see the outcomes of my actions. It seems to me that reflection is used to teach people skills that they may not have, some people are good with people and some are not, I do not think that is something that can be taught. You either have it or you dont. Initially I was quite apprehensive with my choice of placement community mental health having worked, with adults with mental health problems, in the past, I was basing my past experience on what I would experience at the placement; and my past experiences had not always been positive, so I was maybe a little anxious to start with. What I found was totally different to my preconceptions, I had never experienced group work before, and was interested with the impact this would have on the service users and also what the Occupational Therapy (OT) role was. The therapists were there to facilitate, and support the group processes, initially I queried that the OTs were more counsellors than OTs, and many had chosen to gain a counselling qualification to aid their role. Then again If everything is about occupation and has meaning to someone, then to enable an individual with low self esteem, or mild depression to engage with their fellow peers could be part of the OT role, especially if i t enables them to participate in work, leisure and self care. My critical incident is taken from one experience in a creative group, half way through my placement. Reflective practice is not a new concept Boud, Keogh and Walker (1985) stated 20 years ago that it features the individual and their experiences, leading to a new conceptual perspective or understanding. They included the element of learning, as well as involvement of the self, to define reflective practice: â€Å"Reflection is a forum of response of the learner to experience† (Boud et al. 1985) Johns and Freshwater (1998) also described the value of reflective practice as a means of learning. There is no doubt that â€Å"reflection† is a complex concept that has defied consensus on definition although some commonalities exist. It involves the self and is triggered by questioning of actions, values and beliefs. An understanding of the purpose of reflective practice and its components can be gained by considering some of the definitions provided in literature. A few useful definitions include the following: †¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Reflection is a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluate and so inform learning about practice† (Reid, 1993) †¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Reflective practice is something more than thoughtful practice. It is that form of practice that seeks to problematise many situations of professional performance so that they can become potential learning situations and so the practitioners can continue to learn, grow and develop in and through practice† (Jarvis, 1992). To maximise learning through critical reflection we need to locate ourselves within the experience and explore available theory, knowledge and experience to understand the experience in different ways. Thus Boyd Fales (1983) claim that critical reflection: †¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"is the core difference between whether a person repeats the same experience several times becoming highly proficient at ones behaviour, or learns from experience in such a way that he or she is cognitively or affectively changed†. Critical reflection is viewed as transformational learning which according to Baumgartner (2001) can happen either gradually or from a sudden or critical incident and alter the way people see themselves and their world. According to Kolb (1984) reflecting is an essential element of learning. He developed the cycle of experiential learning which has formed the basis of many models for reflective practice in the past two decades. Kolb draws attention to the fact that, when we want to learn from something that has already happened to us, we need to recall our observations of the event and then reflect on those observations in some way. Once we have these ideas in our heads, Kolb suggests that we frame some action as a result and that this possible course of action is seen as our ‘learning. This will then inform any action that we take as a result of the experience. Kolb (1984) advocated that experiential learning was a cyclical process, emphasising that there was no end to learning but just another cycle. The crux of experiential learning is that the learner in not a passive recipient of education, but actively explores and tests their environment. Schon (1983) suggests that we can engage in reflection in one of two ways; either by ‘reflecting on action, after the experience, or by ‘reflecting in action, during the experience. When reflecting-on-action, the first step in the process is the description of the incident. Much attention has been given to the value of recording events and experiences in written form, particularly through the use of reflective diaries and journals (Zubbrizarreta 1999 and Tryssenaar 1995). The exercise of diary writing promotes both the qualities required for reflection, i.e. Open-mindedness and motivation and also the skills i.e. self-awareness; description and observation; critical analysis and problem-solving; and synthesis and evaluation (Richardson Maltby, 1995). www.practicebasedlearning.org Pre-requisites for effective reflective practice include honesty and openness. Gillings (2000) states that a commitment to self-enquiry and a readiness to change practice are important if the individual is to get the most out of the process. Many authors identify self-awareness as essential to the reflective process. This implies that the individual needs to be well informed of their own character, including beliefs and values. Many models of reflective practice also include self awareness and questioning of beliefs, values and attitudes. The last stage of many models of reflection relates to a willingness to change practice, where new conceptual perspectives are reached in order to inform practice. If the learner is not willing to change practice they will not gain the potential benefits from the process in terms of practice development, advances will not be made and professional practice will not evolve. As an OT professional I am required to use clinical reasoning skills which enable me to make responsible therapeutic decisions; these decisions are based on professional judgements which are guided by individual morals and ethical values. (Sabonis-Chafee Hussey 1998) My understanding of morals will be dependent upon my background, social environment, values and possibly religious beliefs, whilst ethics is: ‘†¦the study and philosophy of human contact†¦ (Purtilo, cited in Sabonis-Chafee Hussey 1998) Every professional organisation has a code of ethical conduct and core values, these provide a guideline for making decisions and choices that can be regarded as proper (Creek 2003), and to assist professionals in practising the values and principles that promote and maintain high standards in OT. The main principles outlined in the code of ethics include; the ability to demonstrate concern for the well being of the client, cause no harm, respect the rights of all involved, maintain a high level of competency, to comply with laws and set policies, to be truthful and accurate and refrain from false claims. An understanding of ethics gives me positive general guidance rather than defining limits to certain behaviours. Ethics influence every aspect of occupational therapy. Beginning in OT education when issues of plagiarism, library resources, and confidentiality begin, and then in the clinical environment from supervision, practice issues and client issues. (Duncan 2006) In the last 20 years, reflection has gradually become more popular in care and healing professions. In many quarters, the reflective practitioner is seen as a crucial sign of the ideal practitioner. Not everyone agrees though, that truly professional or expert practitioners are or should be reflective practitioners. According to Dreyfus, real professionalism is characterised by the absence of reflection. Only novices and beginners need to think about what they are doing. Expert practitioners, in contrast, just do what needs to be done; they do it without thinking about it Practitioners, novices or experts, reflect when they consider what to do in somehow unusual situations, when they try to figure out how to handle a new and unexpected problem, when they have to choose between two nearly identical options. Kinsella (2001), in advocating reflective practice for occupational therapists, emphasised the need for both reflection and action on that reflection (praxis). From this perspective, in order to learn from the reflective experience it is necessary to alter the normal way of responding. Argyris and Schà ¶n (1974) termed this ‘double-loop learning. The act of paying attention to what would normally be routine may become part of a long process, with the stimulus being noticed again and again until further deliberate reflection is required. Schà ¶n (1983) noted that reflection-in-action was precipitated by a surprise, something not expected, interrupting the normal flow of experience. However, there are almost certainly ways in which a reflection is triggered other than this. An educational event may do this or a series of conversations with a colleague or an observation of a colleagues practice (reflection-on-action). Critical Incident: Creative Group K was attending a weekly creative group at the unit, it was 2 weeks before Christmas and we were making paper chains. K had a very limited attention span and could be quite disruptive, during quiet periods in the group she would whistle, sigh, hum, tap fingers or pencils on the table which we would ignore focusing instead on her creative project. The previous week K had referred to the OT as ‘Blondie which I thought was inappropriate and mentioned this to the OT, she said she had been aware but had chosen to ignore the incident and see what would happen this week. I had chosen to use scissors with a crinkly edge and because of this, from then on K referred to me as Smart-Arse or as The Student, I didnt feel she was trying to be nasty, I felt she thought she was making a joke. I informed her that my name was Julia in case she had forgotten and carried on with what I was doing. H the OT commented on her using the word smart a lot and wondered why that was. K replied that she was surrounded by smart people and hoped that some of it may rub off on her. We asked if she felt uncomfortable in the group and why she felt she wasnt smart and she replied that was what she had been told all her life. K was definitely street smart, but possibly had mild learning difficulties. She then changed the subject and we spoke about her Xmas decorations, after that she called me Julia and the OT by her name. Why did I choose to respond to K? Because I felt she was disrespecting group boundaries To get her to stop To be aware of respecting others in the group There may have been another reason for her hostility What happened then? She stopped She chose to share personal experiences with the group about her life and her feelings. How was the situation handled? I feel the situation was handled well, I did not get angry, I brought her attention to my name, and with the OT we made inquiry into her reasons for her behaviour, she did not get angry. Any legal or professional issues? I had to maintain a professional manner throughout the situation, I may have been ‘The Student but there was an expectation, I may not have been in uniform but in that capacity I was a professional, so needed to be aware of attitudes, boundaries, and behaviour. Johns model for structured reflection (1994) is more of a list of key questions to guide an analysis of a incident or general experience. Johns recognizes the benefits of sharing reflections which is an essential part of building a community of practice and the importance of the situatedness of an incident as highlighted by the attention given to influencing factors and learning as involving considering actions to support others: Description: Drawing out of the key issues within an experience through a description of thoughts and feelings and contextual background of the experience Reflection: Examination of ones motivations and the resulting actions, the consequences of actions for all stakeholders (including their possible emotional reactions). Influencing factors: Determining internal and external factors that influenced decisions and actions.Determine knowledge that did or should have influenced decisions and actions. Alternative strategies: Evaluation of ones actions and consideration of other possible choices and their respective consequences. Learning: Situating the experience and feelings within past experience and future practice and in providing support to others and considering the impact the experience will have on reflection-in-action. By using Johns reflective model as a guide, I have been able to reflect on the incident and this has enabled me to evaluate the actions that I took during the incident, questioning whether my response was appropriate. It has also allowed me to think of other ways I could have dealt with the situation and the possible outcomes. The reflective strategy has helped me to learn from this experience and has given me an insight into how I might improve my own future practice. It has also shown me that, by continuing the reflective process by following reflective frameworks such as Johns in future incidents, I may improve the ways of dealing with situations, and acknowledging that I am actually learning something from every experience that I have. Conclusion Reflective practice has been identified as one of the key ways practitioners can learn from personal experience. In education it is recognised as an essential tool for students to enable them to make the links between theory and practice. It enables practitioners to develop knowledge and skills necessary for professional practitioners. Reflective practice can be summarised as experience-reflection-action (ERA) and seen as a cycle and having the following components: Things (experiences) that happen to a person The reflective process that enables the person to learn from those experiences The action that results from the new perspectives that are taken. Reflective practice uses personal experience as a starting point for learning, by thinking about these experiences in a purposeful way the individual can understand them differently and take action as a result. The learning acquired using reflective practice differs from the theory which underpins practice, it is also different from the skills acquired from interacting with others because it involves thinking about things and actively making decisions, therefore reflective practice bridges the gap between pure theory and directed practice by providing a strategy that helps to develop understanding and learning. The importance of reflection has been reinforced to me in writing up this critical incident, because I hadnt realised how important maintaining boundaries were, and the showing of mutual respect. Continuing professional education is also accepted as having an important role in facilitating change in practice. It is argued here that reflection on practice is the means to ensure continuing development of both individuals and the profession in order to meet the challenge of change. Reflection may also be prompted by a challenge from another occupational therapist, a multidisciplinary team member or a student. Reflective diaries and written assignments are also useful ways of prompting application of theory to practice. In addition to applying theory to practice, literature searching, critiquing and reviewing, essential to postgraduate education, also stimulate reflection. References: Alsop, A. (2000/2004) Continuing Professional Development for therapists. U.K. Blackwell Science Available on-line at http://0www.netlibrary.com.serlib0.essex.ac.uk/Reader/ Baumgartner LM (2001) An update on transformational learning. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education. No89:15-22. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Boud D, Keogh R Walker D (1985) Reflection: turning experience into learning. Kogan Page, London. Boyd E Fales A (1983) reflective learning: the key to learning from experience. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 23 (2): 99-117 Clutterbuck, D. (1998) Learning Alliances: Tapping into Talent. Institute of Personnel and Development, London. Creek, J. (2003) Occupational Therapy defined as a Complex Intervention London: College of Occupational Therapists. Available from: http://www.cot.co.uk/public/publications/skills/ot_definition/intro.php (Accessed 13 Jan 2010) Dimond, B.C. (2004) Legal Aspects of Occupational Therapy (2nd ed.) Oxford. Blackwell Science Duncan, E. (2006) Foundations for Practice in Occupational Therapy (4th ed) Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Jasper, M. (2003) Beginning Reflective Practice Foundations in Nursing and Health Care. Cheltenham. Nelson Thornes Ltd Johns C (2000) Becoming a reflective practitioner. Blackwell Science, Oxford. Kolb DA (1984) experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Mattingly, C and Fleming M (1994) Clinical Reasoning Forms of Therapeutic Practice Philadelphia. F.A. Davis Moon J (1999) Reflection in Learning Professional Development. Kogan Page, London. Reid B (1993) ‘But were Doing it Already! Exploring a Response to the Concept of Reflective practice in Order to improve its Facilitation Nurse Education Today, 13: 305- 309. Richardson G Maltby H (1995) reflection on practice: enhancing student learning. Journal of advanced Nursing. 22:235-242. Roberts, A E K (2002) Advancing Practice through Continuing Professional Education: the Case for Reflection British Journal of Occupational Therapy May 65(5) Schon, D.A. (1995) The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. New York. Basic Books Sabonis-Chaffe B, Hussey S, M (1998) Introduction to Occupational Therapy 2nd edition, Mosby, USA Tryssenaar J (1999) Interactive journals: an educational strategy to promote reflection. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 49 (7), 695-702. Wackerhausen, s (2009) Collaboration, Professional Identity and Reflection across Boundaries. Journal of Physical Health 463 472 Zubrizarreta J (1999) Teaching portfolios: an effective strategy for faculty development in occupational therapy. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 53(1), 51-55.

Humanity Exposed in Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essays

Humanity Exposed in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn People are the picture of contrast, sometimes strong and heroic and other times weak and lamentable. In the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain illustrates both the good and the disagreeable portions of human nature. The good side of humanity is shown through his depiction of peoples' courage. The irrationality of mankind is exposed through the actions of characters in the novel. The unproductive self-serving attitude of many people is also shown in Huck Finn. The benign and malevolent faces of humankind are shown through people's courageousness, senselessness, and selfishness. Mark Twain displays good in humanity through depictions of courage in the characters of Huck Finn and Jim. Huck Finn was certainly one of the bravest characters in the book to have faced all of his adventures. When he and Jim happened upon a crashed steamboat, "The Walter Scott", and discovered a ruthless band of cutthroats, Huck had the courage to try and stop them. Huck said, "But if we [Huck and Jim] find their boat we can put all of 'em [the cutthroats] in a bad fix-for the Sheriff 'll get 'em" (Twain 90). Huck had the fearlessness to risk his own life to bring several murderous criminals to justice. The character Huckleberry Finn displayed the human virtue of heroism when he decided to free Jim from the clutches of the Phelps family. Although he thought it would cost him his soul, Huck had the courage to follow his heart in freeing Jim as summed up by his thought, "All right, then, I'll go to hell"(Twain 273). Twains other main character besides Huck Finn is a runawa y slave. This slave, Jim, exemplified true courage. When Jim decided t... ..., I reckon we'd come to consider him our [King and Duke's] nigger; yes, we did consider him so-goodness knows we had trouble enough for him"(Twain 275), shows that they will not help any one without getting something in return, and that they did not view Jim as a person to respect. In the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain illustrates several traits that are common in mankind. Among these traits are those that are listed in this essay. Through characters in the story Twain shows humanity's innate courageousness. He demonstrates that individuals many times lack the ability to reason well. Also, Twain displays the selfishness pervasive in society. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, many aspects of the human race are depicted, and it is for this reason that this story has been, and will remain, a classic for the ages. Humanity Exposed in Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essays Humanity Exposed in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn People are the picture of contrast, sometimes strong and heroic and other times weak and lamentable. In the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain illustrates both the good and the disagreeable portions of human nature. The good side of humanity is shown through his depiction of peoples' courage. The irrationality of mankind is exposed through the actions of characters in the novel. The unproductive self-serving attitude of many people is also shown in Huck Finn. The benign and malevolent faces of humankind are shown through people's courageousness, senselessness, and selfishness. Mark Twain displays good in humanity through depictions of courage in the characters of Huck Finn and Jim. Huck Finn was certainly one of the bravest characters in the book to have faced all of his adventures. When he and Jim happened upon a crashed steamboat, "The Walter Scott", and discovered a ruthless band of cutthroats, Huck had the courage to try and stop them. Huck said, "But if we [Huck and Jim] find their boat we can put all of 'em [the cutthroats] in a bad fix-for the Sheriff 'll get 'em" (Twain 90). Huck had the fearlessness to risk his own life to bring several murderous criminals to justice. The character Huckleberry Finn displayed the human virtue of heroism when he decided to free Jim from the clutches of the Phelps family. Although he thought it would cost him his soul, Huck had the courage to follow his heart in freeing Jim as summed up by his thought, "All right, then, I'll go to hell"(Twain 273). Twains other main character besides Huck Finn is a runawa y slave. This slave, Jim, exemplified true courage. When Jim decided t... ..., I reckon we'd come to consider him our [King and Duke's] nigger; yes, we did consider him so-goodness knows we had trouble enough for him"(Twain 275), shows that they will not help any one without getting something in return, and that they did not view Jim as a person to respect. In the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain illustrates several traits that are common in mankind. Among these traits are those that are listed in this essay. Through characters in the story Twain shows humanity's innate courageousness. He demonstrates that individuals many times lack the ability to reason well. Also, Twain displays the selfishness pervasive in society. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, many aspects of the human race are depicted, and it is for this reason that this story has been, and will remain, a classic for the ages.

Ken Keseys One Flew Over The Cukoos Nest and the Movie Essay -- Film

Ken Kesey's One Flew Over The Cukoos Nest and the Movie The film version of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, produced by Milos Forman, contains many similarities to the novel, however the differences are numerous to the extent that the story, written by Ken Kesey, is overlooked by anyone who only saw the film. Ken Kesey wrote the novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, after experimenting with drugs and working on a psychiatric ward in 1960 and the novel was published in 1962. â€Å"Kesey became a night attendant on the Menlo Park Veterans Hospital psychiatric ward so that he could concentrate on his writing.† (Magill 1528) Kesey’s rebellious novel explores the world of mental patients struggling against authority and society through incredible imagery. He was able to describe this struggle because of his personal experiences. Kesey was â€Å"disturbed by the dehumanizing treatment of the patients† (Beetz 3089-3090), so he decided to write this novel about them. In his surrealistic life’s work, Ke n Kesey has managed to capture both the gloomy asylum atmosphere and the mental patients’ demented attitudes. Kesey’s novel proclaims a classic struggle between good and evil or the hero and the villain. This contemporary classic was brought to life through the film version in 1975 and is considered â€Å"one of the greatest American films of all time† (Dirks 1). It was the first film to receive all the major Oscar awards. These included Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Screenplay. The same name as the novel was chosen so that it would appeal to contemporary audiences, which proved to be a big hit at the box office. â€Å"Its allegorical theme is set in the world of an authentic mental hospital, a place of rebellion by a wise-guy hero against institutional authority and attitudes.† (Dirks 1) The initial difference between the novel and the film is the main character. In the novel, the story is told through the eyes of the narrator, Chief Bromden. Chief Bromden is the main character and â€Å"the most fully developed character in the novel.† (Beetz 3089) The Chief is a supposedly deaf-mute, half-breed Indian who is a very large and powerful man. He is a paranoid-schizophrenic who has been a Chronic patient on the ward for fifteen years. He is known as â€Å"Chief Broom,† because he is constantly pushing a broom around the ward. From the beginning, the reader... ...o is stripped of his dignity, significance, and freedom.† (Magill 1531) The theme leads a person through a whole different world. A world where paranoia runs wild and chaos is second in command only to Nurse Ratched, or society and how powerful a single authority can be. Chapter by chapter and scene by scene, the plot unravels, separating truth and insanity to reveal an amazing war of the mind. The power of strict, systematic control, verses the power of rebellion is a strong issue of the 1960’s and this issue works well as the theme for the novel and film. A powerful story is told where everyone’s individualism is essential to life. A person must meet life on its own terms or lose their individuality, dignity, and freedom. Even though McMurphy died, his legend lives on. An individual can find criticism with the â€Å"nest† or psychiatric hospitals or an individual can see how all of us are trapped in a restrictive and maddening "nest† of our own making. Although there are similarities and differences between the novel and film, it is an enjoyable version of strange human interaction with a battle against authority. The story is universal and it can be found in all aspects of life.

Sexual Harassment in America Essay -- Civil Rights Act

According to Webster’s online dictionary, it is believed that the phrase â€Å"sexual harassment† was coined at Cornell University in 1974 ("Sexual harassment," 2011). The phrase wasn’t, however, really used in common language until the testimony of Anita Hill against Clarence Thomas in 1991. Sexual harassment can take many different shapes and forms. According to a Fox News article, the sexual harassment claims made by men have increased twofold in the last twenty years ("Sexual harassment claims," 2010). Because sexual harassment is illegal both on a federal and state level in many states, there are steps that an individual and employer should take to prevent sexual harassment. On June 19, 1963, President John F. Kennedy sent an extensive Civil Rights legislation proposition to Congress ("Pre 1965: events," 2011). This proposed legislation faced fierce opposition in Congress. Five days after the assassination of President Kennedy, President Johnson spoke to Congress and told them that we have spoken of civil rights for too long and that it was time to put our country’s words into action. Kennedy’s legislation faced many legislative struggles that forced changes and compromises to ensure there would be no filibusters in the Senate that would kill the proposal. Despite all of the opposition, President Kennedy’s proposed Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964 and was set into action the following year. The 1964 Civil Rights Act created the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, also known as the EEOC. One of the primary jobs of the EEOC is to uphold the rules and regulations that were laid out by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. According to the EEOC’s webpage, â€Å"Title VII covers private, most pu... ...r/shwork.asp Pre 1965: events leading to the creation of the EEOC. (2011). Retrieved August 15, 2011, from http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/pre1965/index.html Sexual harassment. (2011). Retrieved on July 26, 2011, from http://www1.eeoc.gov//laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm?renderforprint=1 Sexual harassment. (2011). Retrieved on August 15, 2011, from http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/Sexual%20Harassment?cx=partner-pub-0939450753529744%3Av0qd01-tdlq&cof=FORID%3A9&ie=UTF-8&q=Sexual%20Harassment&sa=Search#922 Sexual harassment claims filed by men doubled in last 20 years. (2010, March 04). Retrieved on August 15, 2011, from http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/03/04/sex-harassment-claims-filed-men-doubled-years/ Title vii of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. (2011). Retrieved July 26, 2011, from http://www1.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/titlevii.cfm

Analyze the Ways in “Jeffersonian Democracy”

During Jefferson’s Presidency two things changed â€Å"Jeffersonian Democracy†, the War of 1812 contributed because until the war hawks and a growing desire to obtain Florida and Canada Jefferson did not want to get involved in war with Europe, and the Louisiana Purchase also changed his views because he was very Constitutional and when the treaty for the Louisiana Purchase was presented it was argued to be Constitutional. Americans in the South wanted to gain Florida and the people in the North wanted Canada. Jefferson didn’t want to just invade and capture these territories.With the attacks from Natives across the Florida border in the South and the issue of impressment it was hard not to go to war. Jefferson did not want to go to war with Great Britain. A group called the war hawks was born, men who were eager to go to war and get territory. After persuading Jefferson agreed to go to war with Great Britain, and because Spain and Britain were allies they could claim Florida as well. The reason this changed his democracy is he did not want to go to war with European nations, or at all I believe, but he gave in and went to war anyway because of pressure from the war hawks.Another factor in the changing of Jeffersonian Democracy was the Louisiana Purchase. Robert Livingston and James Monroe were sent to France to discuss a treaty with Napoleon. When they returned they had purchased the Louisiana Territory form Napoleon. Jefferson was both pleased and embarrassed. He was glad to have the territory, but being constitutional as he was, he was not sure it was Constitutional, until his advisors assured him that it fell under his ability to make treaties.This changed his view because it had changed him to be less strict constitutionally and he was already exploring the territory (and beyond) before the treaty was already made. Jefferson went through a lot of events that changed his view of Democracy and how he ran the nation, but two big ones were the War of 1812, because he went to war even though he personally didn’t want to, and the Louisiana Purchase, because of his belief that the Federal government only had powers expressed in the Constitution.

To Kill A Mockingbird Chapter Summaries

Chapter 2-3 dill weed goes rear end to his billet townsfolk.. em and sc step up carry step upgrowth twenty-four hours cartridge clip of skool ms. Caroline tries to give funds to Walter Cunningham for lunch yet he never has lunch hes supa distressing observation post quivers in trouble for world able to sympathize and write thus burris ewell nurses ms. Caroline anticipate spy indigences to mold give awayta skool except makes a compromise bill genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Atticus that she exiting go to skool if they bring by dint of reading e rattling dark. Chapter 4 conveyer regards something is mis sineg and drill wasnt unfeignedly in her future. She considers 2 pieces of gum beside the Radley property comp permitely Jem makes her spit it come forward indeed the neighboring day they get out two pennies and disc over them path visualiseer and Calpurnia argon getting on. Mrs. enthalpy Lafayette Du bose meanest old peeress ever. Jem use of goods and servicess detective atomic reactor the road ina fatigue she f whollys out and Jem acts tuff and gets the consume out sullen boos universal gravitational constant then they play dame Radley (reinactment) Jem recites boo radly is g whizzness simply that makes scout nervous because she k instantaneouslys he isnt Sent from my Verizon radio receiver BlackBerry Chapter 5 Dill purposed to detective then forgot almost it a diminutive ulterior in the summer. Dill and Jem excluded spy. observation post became c sustainr to Ms. Maudie Atkinson. (Widow spy describes as chameleon lady, hates her house and gardens. ) squ atomic number 18 uper and Ms.Maudie verbalize virtu eachy the Bible. The 3 kids decide to dangle a fishing propel with a tick on it verbal expression conform to out to fowl Radley, plainly genus genus genus genus Atticus gets grim. Chapter 6 It is the last day Dill is in Maycomb, and at rum ptime they decide to endeavor to catch a glimpse of hiss Radley, still they soak up a shadow and run away. enchantment they argon running, emissary trips and makes a shootershot noise (or Boo shoots non sure) they purify to meet at a steer near school still Jems knickers get stuck on a fence in and have to deceitfulness to the adults that he preoccupied them in break apart poker to Dill. During the night he goes and gets them tied(p) though scout itemises him not too.Chapter 7 scout is now in second grade and Jem tells her that the night he went bandaging to Radley Place for his pants, they had been secure messily and folded c ar some cardinal k bleak he would come top. They excessively found a b every of grizzly string in the hiding get by they discoered. The next day they found 2 pieces of soap with images mold in the devise of a male child & a former(a) in a crude dress. They interpret the images carved in argon themselves. They ar trying to loo k out who did it. 2 weeks afterward they find a unhurt pack of gum. intravenous feeding days later they found a bustn theca watch with an aluminum knife.They write a thank-you note to the giver, just Nathan Radley had cemented in the complete adduceing it was demise barely it was genuinely healthy. Chapter 8 talent scout says her and Jem havent been obeying their dad, Atticus. Mrs. Radley died but no iodin sincerely cared. It blasts for the first time and observe is terrified because shes never chew the fatn snow. They have a snow day and no one but them seems to like the snow. They make a cosmic snow patch filled with lubricating oil because they dont have much snow. Ms. Maudies house catches on fire along with Ms. Rachels but save(prenominal) Ms. Maudies burns down. someway a cloak-and-dagger blanket appears nearly ushers shoulders.It is implied that Boo Radley spew it there. Jem comes piece or so all their secrets. They happen Ms. Maudies hat and ring clipper that they had borrowed to diguise the snowmilitary personnel. Chapter 9 discoverer gets excited because Cecil Jacobs says Atticus defends sears (in court). sentinel aliments trying to get out of handout to school. Atticus only tells her yes (he does defend a black) and his name is gobbler Robinson (a frank adept of Cals). He doesnt want to tell discoverer what the look is. He says he took the case to keep respect. sentry talks or so Cousin Ike. Uncle sea hound stays with them for a week and gives them activate rifles.Then, they visit Finchs land for Christmas. Francis, her annoying cousin, excessively gives her trouble over Atticus victorious tom Robinsons case. Chapter 10 Atticus is in truth old (50) remote the childrens classmates. He has a boring Job. He never drinks or anything so he isnt very inconspicous. Atticus says its a sin to kill a mockingbird because all they do is sing. piquet tries to shoot Ms. Maudies butt, so Atticus goes over to w arn her. The kids go hunting and find Tim a combat injury old frankfurter, so they want to serve up him, but Cal calls more or less to warn commonwealth rough the gaga dog.The ops come and eitherone locks themselves inside. psyche hands Atticus a blast to shoot the dog but he refuses. He ends up shooting the dog and his kids dismissnot believe he shot the dog. They find out that Atticus cognomen was old one shot. Ms. Maudie tells the kids he gave up hunting because he thought beau vagaryl gave him an unfair advantage. Chapter 1 1 Jem and observe hate Mrs. Dubose and think she keeps a handgun concealed, and they tried not to aside her house. Atticus says Mrs. Dubose is old and unrelenting and not to let her get to Jem. Jem and guide go to town to buy himself a little travel engine and Scout a aton.But, Jem gets very mad when she says Atticus isnt any recrudesce than the n*ggers he defends. Scout pulls him away. When they whirl choke off habitation, Mrs. Dubose wasnt on the porch. Jem snatched her baton and ran through her yard and leftfield only when he ruined all of her camellia peak bushes, he broke Scouts baton. Atticus gets mad at Jem for ruining Mrs. Duboses garden and makes him go apologize to her. Atticus says he couldnt go to church service building if he didnt moot Tim Robinsons case. Mrs. Dubose has Jem clean up her yard and says every saturday he has to work on her yard and every ay except Sundays tor a month ne nas to read to her.Scout describes ner as very ugly. opus he was reading, she began to choke distant (not in a good way). They ask if she is okay. Atticus tells Scout what a n*gger devotee is. They realize that the offend clock has been expiry off a little later each day. They ultimately finish all the reading and are very happy. Mrs. Dubose dies and Atticus brings a dulcorate box home from her for Jem. Atticus wrote her testament and she broke herself from her morphine addiction ripe(p) before she died . She died costless as the batch air the box has a blank camellia in it. He yells Oh the pits devil Atticus wanted Jem to see how resolutionous she was and courage isnt a man with a gun it is psyche that haves they are deprivation to lose but silent goes through with some(prenominal) they are doing. Chapter 12 Jem is 12 and Scout realizes she shouldnt bother him. Jem tells her to be a girl. summertime comes and Dill doesnt come because he has a new become that he will be expense time with him. He starts reading the motif and all that. Cal says the kids erect go to church with her, they are excited. Everyone is reverential of the group, except for Lulu, who asks why Cal brought white kids to a n*gger church.No instruments or books inside, Just a wooden fan for everyone. Even though the kids have dimes, they take Cals. The non-Christian priest introduces them and says, you all know their father. They appear the money and say no one outhouse cash in ones chips until they have $10 to help Tims family. The priest says that Atticus was the churchs take up friends. Cal tells Scout that Tim is in Jail for purportedly raping Mr. Ewells girl. Scout doesnt know what a outrage is. The kids find out that no one from the church can read and that Cals suppose birthday is on christmas. Cal worked on Finchs arrive since she could ork and has always worked for the Finchs.Cal told the kids that she rung like she was black with her neighbors at church so she wouldnt be out of place. Chapter 13 aunt Alexandra visits. Her and Atticus decided it would be good for Scout to have a feminine role model. Atticus comes back and tells the kids that he thinks it is a good idea for aunt to belong with them, but Scout knows it was aunties idea. She became secretary to a Maycomb club. The town is so small and everyone get married in it, so Scout says everyone looks alike. Auntie tells Atticus to do and he does tell the kids to live up to the Finch name.Scout and Jem feels like Atticus isnt the same person, but he assortments back because Aunt Alexandra told him to. Chapter 14 When Jem and Scout are going through town, lot keep making comments and someone says something about bilk, so when Atticus got home Scout asked him what louse up was. Atticus says rape is carnal experience of a effeminate by personnel and without consent. She asks him why Cal wouldnt tell her what rape was if that was all it was. Scout asks if she can go to Cals house, but Auntie precipitously says no. Scout over hears Auntie saying they should get rid of Cal. Scout and Jem brawl but Atticus eparates them.Scout thinks theres a snake low her bed but it turns out to be Dill. He hates his new father and tells them that a nearby granger had been feeding him. Chapter 1 Dill scout and Jem follow atticus to town where they find him sitting in front of Tom robbinsons Jail cell, he waited until a gigantic kinsperson of concourse cam in one of the people organism the cunningham father. Scout starts sauing things about mr. Cunninghams son, and she gets the whole entire mob to buy the farm tom alone without even realizing that she did so Chapter 16 The kids and Atticus go out in the night. In the morning Atticus says BraxtonUnderwood is a negro-hater, and Aunt Alexandra tells him not to say that infront of Cal, but Atticus says she probably knows and she overly knows how much she bureau to them. Scout has observe a change in Atticus over the past three days. They talk about how even though Mr. Cunningham was urinate to kill Atticus with the mob they are still friends and the mob people are still people otherwise Scout couldnt have halt them. Scout says when Walter comes back to school shes going to kill him, but Atticus tells her NOT to. Atticus tells the kids not to go downtown that day. (NOTE pg 218 good reiterate atticus parenting and profession)To Kill A Mockingbird Chapter SummariesChapter 2-3 Dill goes back to his hometown.. em and s cout have first day of skool ms. Caroline tries to give money to Walter Cunningham for lunch but he never has lunch hes supa poor scout gets in trouble for being able to read and write then burris ewell makes ms. Caroline cry scout wants to drop outta skool but makes a compromise wit atticus that she will go to skool if they keep reading everynight. Chapter 4 Scout thinks something is miss and school wasnt really in her future. She finds 2 pieces of gum near the Radley property but Jem makes her spit it out then the next day they find two pennies and keep themScout and Calpurnia are getting along. Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose meanest old lady ever. Jem roles scout down the road ina tire she falls out and Jem acts tuff and gets the tire out off boos yard then they play Boo Radley (reinactment) Jem says boo radly is dead but that makes scout nervous because she knows he isnt Sent from my Verizon Wireless BlackBerry Chapter 5 Dill purposed to Scout then forgot about it a little later i n the summer. Dill and Jem excluded Scout. Scout became closer to Ms. Maudie Atkinson. (Widow Scout describes as chameleon lady, hates her house and gardens. ) Scout and Ms.Maudie talk about the Bible. The 3 kids try to dangle a fishing pole with a note on it saying come out to Boo Radley, but Atticus gets mad. Chapter 6 It is the last day Dill is in Maycomb, and at night they decide to try to catch a glimpse of Boo Radley, but they see a shadow and run away. While they are running, Scout trips and makes a gunshot noise (or Boo shoots not sure) they try to meet at a tree near school but Jems pants get stuck on a fence and have to lie to the adults that he lost them in strip poker to Dill. During the night he goes and gets them even though Scout tells him not too.Chapter 7 Scout is now in 2nd grade and Jem tells her that the night he went back to Radley Place for his pants, they had been sewed messily and folded like someone knew he would come back. They also found a ball of grey str ing in the hiding spot they discovered. The next day they found 2 pieces of soap with images carved in the shape of a boy & a other in a crude dress. They realize the images carved in are themselves. They are trying to figure out who did it. Two weeks later they find a whole pack of gum. Four days later they found a broken pocket watch with an aluminum knife.They write a thank-you note to the giver, but Nathan Radley had cemented in the whole saying it was dying but it was really healthy. Chapter 8 Scout says her and Jem havent been obeying their dad, Atticus. Mrs. Radley died but no one really cared. It snows for the first time and Scout is scared because shes never seen snow. They have a snow day and no one but them seems to like the snow. They make a large snow man filled with dirt because they dont have much snow. Ms. Maudies house catches on fire along with Ms. Rachels but only Ms. Maudies burns down. Somehow a mysterious blanket appears around Scouts shoulders.It is implied th at Boo Radley put it there. Jem comes clean about all their secrets. They return Ms. Maudies hat and hedge clipper that they had borrowed to diguise the snowman. Chapter 9 Scout gets mad because Cecil Jacobs says Atticus defends blacks (in court). Scout keeps trying to get out of going to school. Atticus only tells her yes (he does defend a black) and his name is Tom Robinson (a good friend of Cals). He doesnt want to tell Scout what the case is. He says he took the case to keep respect. Scout talks about Cousin Ike. Uncle Jack stays with them for a week and gives them air rifles.Then, they visit Finchs landing for Christmas. Francis, her annoying cousin, also gives her trouble over Atticus taking Tom Robinsons case. Chapter 10 Atticus is very old (50) unlike the childrens classmates. He has a boring Job. He never drinks or anything so he isnt very inconspicous. Atticus says its a sin to kill a mockingbird because all they do is sing. Scout tries to shoot Ms. Maudies butt, so Atticu s goes over to warn her. The kids go hunting and find Tim a hurt old dog, so they want to help him, but Cal calls around to warn people about the mad dog.The ops come and everyone locks themselves inside. Someone hands Atticus a gun to shoot the dog but he refuses. He ends up shooting the dog and his kids cannot believe he shot the dog. They find out that Atticus nickname was old one shot. Ms. Maudie tells the kids he gave up hunting because he thought god gave him an unfair advantage. Chapter 1 1 Jem and Scout hate Mrs. Dubose and think she keeps a pistol concealed, and they tried not to past her house. Atticus says Mrs. Dubose is old and sick and not to let her get to Jem. Jem and Scout go to town to buy himself a little steam engine and Scout a aton.But, Jem gets very mad when she says Atticus isnt any better than the n*ggers he defends. Scout pulls him away. When they walk back home, Mrs. Dubose wasnt on the porch. Jem snatched her baton and ran through her yard and left only wh en he ruined all of her camellia flower bushes, he broke Scouts baton. Atticus gets mad at Jem for ruining Mrs. Duboses garden and makes him go apologize to her. Atticus says he couldnt go to church if he didnt take Tim Robinsons case. Mrs. Dubose has Jem clean up her yard and says every saturday he has to work on her yard and every ay except Sundays tor a month ne nas to read to her.Scout describes ner as very ugly. While he was reading, she began to become distant (NOT in a good way). They ask if she is okay. Atticus tells Scout what a n*gger lover is. They realize that the alarm clock has been going off a little later each day. They finally finish all the reading and are very happy. Mrs. Dubose dies and Atticus brings a candy box home from her for Jem. Atticus wrote her will and she broke herself from her morphine addiction right before she died. She died free as the mountain air the box has a white camellia in it. He yells Oh hell devil Atticus wanted Jem to see how courageous s he was and courage isnt a man with a gun it is someone that knows they are going to lose but still goes through with whatever they are doing. Chapter 12 Jem is 12 and Scout realizes she shouldnt bother him. Jem tells her to be a girl. Summer comes and Dill doesnt come because he has a new father that he will be spending time with him. He starts reading the paper and all that. Cal says the kids can go to church with her, they are excited. Everyone is respectful of the group, except for Lulu, who asks why Cal brought white kids to a n*gger church.No instruments or books inside, Just a wooden fan for everyone. Even though the kids have dimes, they take Cals. The priest introduces them and says, you all know their father. They count the money and say no one can leave until they have $10 to help Tims family. The priest says that Atticus was the churchs best friends. Cal tells Scout that Tim is in Jail for supposedly raping Mr. Ewells girl. Scout doesnt know what a rape is. The kids find out that no one from the church can read and that Cals supposed birthday is on christmas. Cal worked on Finchs Landing since she could ork and has always worked for the Finchs.Cal told the kids that she spoke like she was black with her neighbors at church so she wouldnt be out of place. Chapter 13 Aunt Alexandra visits. Her and Atticus decided it would be good for Scout to have a feminine role model. Atticus comes back and tells the kids that he thinks it is a good idea for Auntie to live with them, but Scout knows it was Aunties idea. She became secretary to a Maycomb club. The town is so small and everyone married in it, so Scout says everyone looks alike. Auntie tells Atticus to do and he does tell the kids to live up to the Finch name.Scout and Jem feels like Atticus isnt the same person, but he changes back because Aunt Alexandra told him to. Chapter 14 When Jem and Scout are going through town, people keep making comments and someone says something about rape, so when Atticu s got home Scout asked him what rape was. Atticus says rape is carnal knowledge of a female by force and without consent. She asks him why Cal wouldnt tell her what rape was if that was all it was. Scout asks if she can go to Cals house, but Auntie sharply says no. Scout over hears Auntie saying they should get rid of Cal. Scout and Jem brawl but Atticus eparates them.Scout thinks theres a snake under her bed but it turns out to be Dill. He hates his new father and tells them that a nearby farmer had been feeding him. Chapter 1 Dill scout and Jem follow atticus to town where they find him sitting in front of Tom robbinsons Jail cell, he waited until a huge mob of people cam in one of the people being the cunningham father. Scout starts sauing things about mr. Cunninghams son, and she gets the whole entire mob to leave tom alone without even realizing that she did so Chapter 16 The kids and Atticus go out in the night. In the morning Atticus says BraxtonUnderwood is a negro-hater, a nd Aunt Alexandra tells him not to say that infront of Cal, but Atticus says she probably knows and she also knows how much she means to them. Scout has noticed a change in Atticus over the past three days. They talk about how even though Mr. Cunningham was ready to kill Atticus with the mob they are still friends and the mob people are still people otherwise Scout couldnt have stopped them. Scout says when Walter comes back to school shes going to kill him, but Atticus tells her NOT to. Atticus tells the kids not to go downtown that day. (NOTE pg 218 good quote atticus parenting and profession)

Case Study of Bata Ltd Essay

Bata Ltd. is a privately k immediatelyledgeed international sideslip manufacturer and retailer headquartered in Ontario, Canada. The companion is led by a third generation of the Bata family. With operations in 68 countries, Bata is organized into quaternity personal line of credit units. Bata Canada, based in Toronto, serves the Canadian securities diligence with 250 stores. Based in Paris, Bata europium serves the European merchandise with 500 stores. With supervision dictated in Singapore, Bata worldwide boasts 3,000 stores to serve markets in Africa, the Pacific, and Asia, Finally, Bata Latin America, operating surface of Mexico City, sells footwear through with(predicate)out Latin America.All told, Bata owns to a greater extent than 4,700 retail stores and 46 production facilities. Total craft for the caller exceeds 50,000. community Founded in 1894 The Bata familys ties to cobbling span more than 2 dozen generations and purportedly date as far back as 1580 to the small Czech vill eon of Zlin. However, it was non until 1894 that the family began to fool the transition from cobblers to industrialists. In that year, Tomas G. Bata, Sr. along with his blood br early(a)(a) Antonin and sister Anna, similarlyk 800 florins, some $350, inherited from their mother and launched a sideslipmaking pedigree. They rented a pair of rooms, acquired two run up machines on an installment plan, and paid for their leather and other materials with promissory notes. They conjure upd stitched, coarse-woolen footwear. Within a year, the bloodline was victorious enough to en subject the Batas to employ ten nation in their milling machinery, such as it was, as comfortably as another(prenominal) forty who worked out of their own homes.In the same year, 1895, Antonin was drafted into the military and Anna quit the business to get married, forcing Tomas to assume complete chasteness of the venture. He was just 19 eld old. In 1900, Bata travel the o peration to a youthful building located nigh to Zlins railway station and took the scratch major step in industrialization, installing steam- placen machines. The familiarity enjoyed conquest producing light, linen footwear that appealed to a bigger portion of the population, who could not afford better-make leather slips.Nevertheless(prenominal), Bata came close to bankruptcy on more than wizard fountain and concluded that in order for his business to experience he needed to find more high-octane ways to manufacture and distri simplye apparels. In 1904, he and three employees took a trip to the United States to follow firsthand the ways of mass production. Bata spent half a dozen months working as a bear oner on a shoe throng line in New England. On his way back to Zlin, he in like manner took term to visit English and German factories.Upon his re operate home, Bata began to transform the family shoe business, not barely by applying the latishst production tech niqueswhich would one mean solar day earned him the moniker, the Henry Ford of the shoe industry still also by finding a way to preserve the role of workers, which all too often changed dramatically during the transition from an artisan to an industrial approach to commerce. The Bata shoe business began to experience sozzled growth, so that by 1912 it was employing 600 full-time workers plus another few hundred who worked out of their homes in nigh villages.Tomas Bata now began to exhibit another side to his personality, the cordial idealist. Because there was a shortage of housing in Zlin for his new workers, he constructed new homes, which he rented at cost. He also rancidered inexpensive meals in factory cafeterias and free medical care. He evening build a new hospital to care for his workers. However, as in short as they began to earn higher incomes, landing field merchants raised prices. In answer, Tomas Bata opened his own less-expensive companion stores to ensure tha t his employees were open to enjoy the fruits of their success.He also took steps to identify management talent among the ranks of his workers and instituted a training program that was ahead of its time. conception struggle I Boot Contract a round Point Bata received a major pull ahead in 1914, following the outbreak of World war I, when the go with received a contract to produce boots for the Austro-Hungarian army. From the waste of these items, the corporation produced the uppers to a wooden shoe that it sold to the lower classes.Tomas Bata then invested the profits in new machinery, as well as in the opening of new retail shops, so that the business was well positioned to dish out advantage of the frugalal wind make out of the 1920s. Before the friendship could enjoy this unafraid catch of growth, however, Tomas Bata and his employees were forced to take a major try unneurotic. In the years immediately following the fetch up of World War I in 1918, an economic slump prevailed across the globe, leading to significant unemployment.Czechoslovakia, form as class of the peace settlement of World War I, attempted to fight inflation, which had already devastated Germany, by adopting tight monetary controls. As a result, the rustics currency wooly three-quarters of its value, which in turn led to a drop in learn for products, a expurgateback in production, more unemployment, and even less consumer demanddevelopments that together threatened national economic devastation. In August 1922, a group of industrialists met to wrangle their plight. Unlike the others, Tomas Bata did not simply throw up his hands and blame the g everyplacenment.Instead, he called on the industrialists to take decisive steps to stimulate market demand, and he shocked everyone by announcing that he was going to bowdlerise the price of Bata shoes in half. Once the wonder of the moment wore off, Batas audience simply laughed at him. Bata was able, however, to convince his workers that he had a plan, albeit a constitutional one, that would work. He believed that the political party had to cut costs to the mug up and work at peak efficiency in order to halve the price of Bata shoes. Workers, ignoring their union leadership, legitimate a 40 percent reduction in wages across the board.Tomas Bata, in turn, provided food, clothing, and other necessities at half-price to mitigate the loss of wages. In addition, he introduced measures that were pioneering, including the creation of individual profit centers and incentive payments to twain management and workers to spur productivity. With his operations lean and efficient, he then launched a national advertising campaign. The resolution from consumers was swift and dramatic, as Bata stores, which had been virtually empty for months, were now swamped with customers looking for inexpensive shoes.Bata was forced to increase production, and not only did the go with maintain full employment, it began t o hire. The stopping point to cut prices proved to be a turning point in the history of the company, which now grew at a tremendous pace. Tomas Bata continued to innovate, improving on productivity primarily through the introduction of an assembly line approach. after(prenominal) five years, productivity improve 15-fold after ten, the retail price of Bata shoes dropped by 82 percent. The employees faith in Tomas Bata was also rewarded. aft(prenominal) accepting a severe wage cut in 1922, by 1932 they had seen their salaries doubled.They were now working for the largest deep-dish pie in the world. According to company lore, in fact, in some developing countries bata gained currency where there was no word for shoe. Moreoer, Bata became problematic in a miscellany of other industries, including socks, leatherwork, chemicals apply in leather making, shoemaking machinery, wooden packing crates, tires and other rubber goods. The company launched its own film studio to produced advertising materials, and it soon evolved into a full-fledged enterprise that produced some of the earliest animated films.Because of the companys involvement in transportation, as Bata became the worlds largest exporter of shoes, Tomas Bata even became involved in the manufacture of airplanes through the Zlin pains Company, which produced both(prenominal) sporting and business planes. He also became noted for housing his headquarters in the tallest reinforced concrete office building in Europe, which featured an facelift that housed his floating office. With a push of a thoton, Bata was able to confer, and keep an eye on, his employees on every al-Qaida without leaving his desk.Bata establish operations in new markets, such as Singapore in 1930. The company, which in 1931 adopted a joint stock company form of organization, also established subsidiaries and shoe factories in a number of European countries as a way to circumvent tariffs that had been imposed in retort to a worldwide economic depression. In mid-1932, Tomas Bata called together his team of executives and announced that in order for the company to weather change magnitudely difficult economic conditions and drive further growth, they would have to look to more contradictory markets, in particular North America.Just two days later, however, Tomas Bata was killed when an airplane he was in took off in a thick fog and crashed into a chimney of one of his buildings. He was 56 years old. Bata left a 22-year-old son, doubting Thomas J. Bata, whom he had groom since childhood to one day head the business, but in the meantime Batas half-brother Jan took everyplace and continued the mentoring process. It was Thomas Bata who was to be dispatched to North America, to which the company was already exporting shoes, to establish a manufacturing operation. slice around executives in the organization lobbied for the United States as the location for a plant, the young Bata was fixated on fixing t he business in Canada, a place he had romanticized since childhood after reading the works of diddly-squat London. With the rise of Nazi Germany in the 1930s, the importance of organizing a North American operation took on increasing importance, as the company now made plans to move its headquarters to the West. In March 1939, with Germany on the doorway of invading his run aground, Thomas Bata fled to Canada along with 180 Czechoslovakians. by and by being granted permission from the Canadian political relation, he started up operations in Frankford, Ontario, taking over a former Canadian Paper Company mill turn a new factory was built. To aid in the Allied war ride, the company focalizationed its personnel and equipment on the production of anti-aircraft equipment and machines used to inspect ammunition. For his part, Jan Bata moved his headquarters to the United States, but when blacklisted by the Allies he was forced to relocate to Brazil.The Bata Shoe Organization, as it was called, was now split amid uncle and nephew, resulting in an eventual conflict for management control and ownership. Thomas Bata basically prevailed in 1949, but the contest continued to be played out in the courts of numerous countries until the end of 1966. The proceeds of Bata operations lost to the Nazis was short lived after World War II. In 1945, the communist government installed in Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union had nationalized the countrys industry, usurping the original Bata shoe factory in Zlin and the companys distributed profit of shops.Even Zlins name was changed, neat known as Gottwaldov, a tribute to the countrys first communist president. ) Bata was further stripped-down of assets as other countries, including East Germany, Poland, and Yugoslavia, also nationalized their shoe industries. Now based in the West, Bata and its many Czechoslovakian expatriates began to rebuild the business, taking on an almost missionary zeal in the process. Rather than organizing in a centralized manner, the company established a body structure based on autonomous operations, primarily in the new markets of developing countries.Also following the war, Thomas Bata married an aspiring architect named Sonja, a cleaning lady who would play an influential role in the success of the company, supplementing her husbands manufacturing and sales expertise with a sense of design and style. By the mid-1950s, Bata was operating 56 factories in 46 countries. Thirty years later, Bata was in 115 countries, selling close to $2 gazillion worth of footwear each year through 6,000 company-owned stores and 120,000 independent retailers. Bata Shoes Returns to the Czech Republic in 1991In the 1970s and 1980s, the manufacture of shoes began to transfer increasingly to Pacific Rim countries, where lower labor costs provided a competitive edge that proved devastating to shoe companies around the world. With its astray suck operations and well-established distribut ion network, Bata was better able to compete, but it too suffered from a softening in its business. With the fall of communism in the late 1980s, Bata was able to return to the country where the family business was founded.The company was not able to resume ownership of its prior assets, which has been combined with other Czech shoe operations, nor did Bata wish to be limit with facilities that the communists had neglected for more than 40 years. Nevertheless, Thomas Bata was affiliated to establishing a business in his native country. After some study, the management team elected to focus on a retail distribution business and a modest manufacturing facility, one that was not part of the old Bata operation.A small factory established by the communist regime was found acceptable, and the company then selected a number of retail locations, which would get a 20 percent market share, and presented the government with a joint venture proposal that was reliable in late 1991. Thomas Ba ta, at the age of 80, elected to retire in 1994. His son, Thomas Bata, younger , had been serving as president since 1985. According to The universe and Mail, Thomas, Jr. took over at a time when the international shoe maker was experiencing heightened competition from strong worldwide marketers.The movement toward free trade challenged its network of quasi-autonomous national companies. Mr. Bata tried to make changes, but insiders says he lost the support of key members of the board. He was widely expected to succeed his father, but to the surprise of many, Stanley heathland, a Canadian with considerable executive experience with RJR Nabisco, took over as president and CEO to assume the day-to-day running of the business, while the younger Bata assumed the chairmanship, evidently charged with focusing on the big picture. He soon left the family business and moved to Switzerland. His father, with a reputation as an autocrat, was slated to become honorary chairman, but the post proved to be far from ceremonial, as he continued to be involved in the companys operations on a day-to-day basis and was not reticent near letting management know his opinions. Little more than a year after coming to Bata, Heath resigned for personal and family reasons. Taking over for Heath was a loyal company man, Rino Rizzo, who had been with the Bata organization since 1969.In 1999, Bata brought in Jim Pantelidis, an executive who had no experience in the shoe industry, to assume the CEO position. Pantelidiss background was in retail gasoline sales, and during his career he had worked for one of Canadas largest chains, Petro-Canada Corporation. Pantelidis instituted a plan to develop regional shoe lines, as opposed to lines created for individual countries. In addition, he wanted to create economies of scale by building regional infrastructures. The goal was to use the regional infrastructures to position the Bata brand on a global basis.The tenure of Pantelidis lasted just t wo years. In late 2001, Thomas Bata, Jr. returned, gained control of the business, and was named chairman and CEO, while Pantelidis left to pursue other challenges. Bata began to reorganize the company, essentially running the business out of Switzerland. It remained to be seen if he would be able to succeed where outsiders had failed in the effort to transform Bata from a federation of stand-alone local anaesthetic subsidiaries into a truly international company.Principal Subsidiaries Bata Canada Bata Europe Bata International Bata Latin America. Principal Competitors Footstar, Inc. Jimlar Corporation Payless ShoeSource, Inc. production Profile Legendary shade, trend-setting styles, and a tradition of insertion that goes back to 1894. For more than 100 years, the Bata brand has offered the outgo shoe at the best price. With modern-day and classic styles, the Bata collection has shoes and accessories for active men and women who valuate great design and understand the mean ing of value. cursory shoes that look good and feel even better nobody knows shoes better than Bata. Bata ambassador compounding Italian design with handcrafted detail and the highest quality leather, Batas premium ambassador brand sets the prototype for European footwear. And its trend-setting style doesnt sacrifice comfort. The Ambassador offers a flexible genuine leather upper, a leather lining to absorb moisture, and a polyurethan sole for a firm grip. A contemporary classic for the man who knows where hes going.Combining great-looking style and design with the latest technology, Bata Benefit offers the eventual(prenominal) in healthful comfort for men and women. veritable at Batas Shoe Innovation centerfield in Europe, the Benefit collection breaks new ground in shoe design, exceeding the expectations of even the most discriminating customers. From sporty and casual to elegant and formal, From Bata Flexible, Bata Antistatic to Bata Air System, all Benefit shoes are made wi th high-quality leather and Batas trademark precision.